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Materials used in this chapter were published in:
High agricultural efficiency might be obtained with joint application of Albit with fertilizers and means of leaf feeding (foliar liquid fertilizers). Mineral fertilizers (basically urea) are used sometimes for leaf feeding during vegetation period. Application of urea on wheat provides both supplying of plants with additional nitrogen for yield formation and increased gluten content in seeds. To increase winter wheat grain quality, leaf feeding with urea (30-40 kg of active ingredient per 1 hectare applied through spraying) in EC stages 50-69 is generally used. Application of such rates requires concentration of urea in working solution of 10-15%, or even 30% in case of aerial application. However, it is known that urea concentrations over 1% cause plant burns. Usage of effective anti-stress agents, such as Albit, can solve this problem. Joint application of Albit with urea provides full relieve of stress effect of urea fertilizing. All this urea-relating information can be used in cases of leaf feeding with ammonium nitrate, with mixture of urea and ammonium nitrate and with other means of leaf feeding. Albit has been successfully used in combination with urea (leaf feeding in vegetation period) in practice of farms of Rostov, Tambov, Voronezh and Oryol Oblasts of Russia over several years. Also, high efficiency of three-component solution of urea, Albit and insecticide has been demonstrated. Besides standard mineral fertilizers ensuring necessary amount of macroelements, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, microelement fertilizers are broadly used in agriculture. According to many research, maximal efficacy microelements is observed if they are if form of complex salts with organic acids (complexones), such as DTPA – diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, EDTA – ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and oxyethylidene diphosphonic acid. According data of Bashkir State Agrarian University, variant with Albit had yield increase of potato in 2-3 times higher vs. control (complex fertilizer “Kemira universal” was applied in all variants). Also, if “Kemira universal” was applied, fungicide properties of Albit increased (BE against Phytophthora tuber rot – 89,2-99,8% vs. 78,9% without fertilizers). In case of using of standard fertilizers, such as manure with NPK, there was no such effect. This fact indicates on synergism of Albit and chelated fertilizers. Synergism of Albit and other microelement fertilizers – Micrivit, Rexolin, Aqvarin – was also observed. In recent years, farmers are increasingly applying amino acid microfertilizers. According to advertising features, their functions are the same as Albit has: strengthening of plants, growth stimulation, increase the resistance to stress and diseases, etc. In this regard, questions often arise: what is more effective – amino acid fertilizers or Albit? The answer in simple. In plant cells, Albit starts synthesis the key antioxidant enzymes, which protect plant against stress and diseases. Amino acids are “building blocks”, “bricks” from which plant builds the base of its organism – proteins, including also all enzymes. Often (but not always) the plant lacks some amino acids to synthesize of any enzymes. In this case, fertilizers containing amino acids in an easily available form come in very handy. Albit ensures accelerated synthesis of antioxidant enzymes in plant, and amino acid fertilizers make this synthesis possible. Thus, the question: “What is more effective – amino acid fertilizers or Albit? ” is equivalent to the question: “What is more important for building a house – builders or bricks?” Albit is a such “builder”, and amino acids are the “bricks”. Thus, their combined application is effective. The same applies to microelement fertilizers. Microelements are cofactors – the key non-amino acid link of enzymes. Enzymes will not work without microelements. For example, copper is cofactor for the such important antioxidant enzyme as superoxide dismutase. As mentioned above, Albit ensures accelerated synthesis of antioxidant enzymes from amino acids and microelements (Figs. 1, 2).
Fig. 1. Plants of fodder beans 2 weeks after foliar spraying with Albit (40 ml/ha) + amino acid fertilizers + microfertilizers (right) in comparison with variant without Albit application (left) (Malaga, Spain, 2017)
Fig. 2. Effect of Albit on growth and development of fodder beans (Malaga, Spain, 2017). Left – without Albit, right – with Albit
It is also effective application of Albit with traditional NPK fertilizers. In this case, Albit does not combine with them in tank mixture, but it used separately within the same technology. It was shown that Albit increases the utilization efficiency
of fertilizers. Albit increases the coefficient of removal of nutrients from
fertilizers (efficiency of use of mineral fertilizers by plants). In field
trials carried out by Department of Agrochemistry of Moscow State University
on spring barley and wheat, Albit was used in combination with various mineral soil
applied fertilizers (according to standard regulation). In result,
it was found that under conditions of averagely cultivated soil, Albit is able
to increase potassium entering into the seed by 19-30%, into the straw – by
26-32%. Increased entering of phosphorus and nitrogen into the seed under effect
of Albit was 24 and 40%, respectively; into the straw – 24 and 29%, respectively.
In result, it was found that under conditions of averagely cultivated soil
Albit is able to replace up to 18.7 kg/hectare of nitrogen and 14.2 kg/hectare
of phosphorus.
Thus, application of Albit over one hectare in some cases makes possible reduction of mineral fertilizers application approximately by 10-30% of normal rates without losses of their efficiency. Results of vegetative trials conducted in Department of Agrochemistry (Moscow State University), were subsequently confirmed by results of many conducted field trials (Table 1). For example, in field trial of State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute (2010-2011) full dosage of fertilizers (N5P20K26 300 kg/ha) delivered the yield of winter wheat of 72.7 c/ha. 15% reduced dosage of fertilizers together with Albit gave 74.8 c/ha. After Albit application on sunflower, coefficient of removal of nutrients from fertilizers increased in comparison with control: N – by 27–42%, P – by 25–41%, К – by 26–41% (Kazan State Agrarian University, 2012-2014).
Table 1. Results of field trials on reducing of consumption of mineral fertilizers during Albit application
Effectiveness of Albit application on winter wheat was illustrated in field trial of State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute (Table 2).
Table 2. Effectiveness of Albit on winter wheat var. Fredis (field trial of State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute, 2010-2011)
Addition of Albit (1 ml/10 L) to solution of fertilizers used for watering of greenhouse and field-grown vegetables established a good reputation in agricultural practice of vegetable growing farms of Krasnodar krai, Saratov and Moscow Oblasts. In this case, Albit not only increases efficiency of fertilizers, but also immunizes plants against diseases.
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