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    Bioremediation of oil-polluted soils

     

    		 Untitled Document

    Table of regulations
    Cereals Potatoes Maize Flax Sunflower Sugar beet Grain crops Legumes Fodder crops Vegetables Horticultures and berries Vine Decorative and other cultures

    Materials used in this chapter are published in book Biopesticide Albit for increasing yields and protection of agricultures against diseases, A.K. Zlotnikov, Ed. Prof. ΐ. Melkumova. All-Russia Institute of Plant Protection, Russia, 2006.

    In Russia, Albit is registered as fungicide (State Registration Number 0470-06-107-150-1-1-3-1) and as plant growth regulator (State Registration Number 09-00496-0378-1). Albit can be used for treatment of broad range of crops (cereals, vegetables, technical, oil-yielding, horticultural, decorative, etc.)

    Application recommendations of the Albit as a fungicide

    Application recommendations of the Albit as a plant growth regulator

    Summarizing table
    Since the Albit is registered both as a fungicide and a plant growth regulator, the regulations of its application are frequently duplicated. Therefore we decided to combine them into one summarizing table which is convenient for overview of pesticide properties. (Table 1). Moreover, this table also includes data about effectiveness of the Albit on the other tested crops.

    These recommendations are based on 'The list of pesticides allowed for use in Russian Federation', regulations issued by The Institute of Plant Protection Russ. Acad. Agric. Sci., and other Russian authorities. Therefore, the recommendations are applicable in Russia only, and may be partially or entirely changed in other countries, depending on requirements of local laws and regulations.

    As a general rule for pre-sowing seed treatment of most agricultures, use Albit solution with concentration 4—5 ml/liter for moistening of seeds (e.d. in seed treatment machines), and 0.5—1 ml/liter to soak seeds in the solution for several hours.

    For foliar spraying on most agricultural crops, concentration of Albit 1 ml/10 liters is recommended. Albit solution of this concentration is used for foliar sprayings, watering, root and extra-root fertilizing, trickle irrigation, soil saturation. It is desirable that the solution gets onto the plant leaves. Instead of performing separate treatments with Albit, you may add 1 ml Albit/10 l working solution of standard herbicide, insecticide, fertilizer treatments in the first part of vegetation.


    Table 1. Regulations of application of the Albit for different crops. BE - biological efficiency of the Albit against diseases
    Crops Purpose Application rate Treatment method, processing time, application rate of working solution Nr. of treatmts. Additional information
    Eared winter and spring cereals (wheat, rye, barley) and oat Cereals Increase of:
    • yield by 0.4-15 centners/hectare,
    • drought resistance by 10–60 %,
    • germination by 1.7–15.6 %,
    • germination energy by 5–10 %,
    • tillering by 6.3–56.3 %,
    • number of productive shoots by 8–140 units/μ2,
    • rootlets formation
    • total root length by 0.7 cm on average,
    • increase of 1000 grains weight by 0.5–4.1 g,
    • ear length by 1.1–1.8 cm,
    • number of grains in ear by 0.5–9 units,
    • protein content by 0.6–1.4 %,
    • gluten content by 0.4–5.1 %.
    Decrease of empty ears amount by 20 %.
    Acceleration of maturing by 2-10 days.
    Control of: root rots (BE 14–100 %), helminthosporium yellow leaf blotch (BE 14–94 %), septoria leaf blotch (BE 21–100 %), red rust (BE 20–91 %), powdery mildew (BE 21–96 %), loose (BE 10–60 %) and covered (BE 10–70 %) smut, stem rust (BE 50–87 %), net blotch (BE 20–94 %).    		 30-40 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment,10 L/tonne. 1 For better performance, apply Albit in mixture with [half dose of] chemical fungicides (pre-sowing treatment), herbicides (1st foliar spray), urea and insecticides (2nd foliar spray). Pre-sowing treatment of seeds bearing smut and other internal infections must be carried out in an obligatory combination with a chemical fungicide.
    30-40 ml/hectare Foliar spraying at the stages of tillering– tubering (20-35), second time – at the stages 40-80, 300 L/hectare. 1-2
    Sugar beet Sugar beet Increase of:
    • yield 17–145 centners/hectare,
    • sugar content by 0.3–2.5 %,
    • average leaf area by 0.5–3 cm2.
    Acceleration of maturing by 2–7 days.
    Stimulation of metabolite redistribution from leafs to root.
    Control of black leg (BE 59–88 %), downy mildew (BE 48.7 %) and Cercospora leaf spot (BE 38–41 %)    		 50-100 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 30-50 L/tonne. 1

    Increased Albit rate (100 ml/tonne) and decreased working solution consumption (15-30 L/tonne) is used for the coating of sugar beet seeds in combination with other pesticides (insecticides, etc.).

    Use of Albit is effective for abolishing of herbicide-mediated stress.
    40 ml/hectare Foliar spraying at the stages of 4-6 leaves and closure of leaves in rows, 300-400 L/hectare. 2
    Sunflower Sunflower Increase of:
    • yield by 1.1–5.5 centners/hectare,
    • germination by 5–11.2 %,
    • oil output by 22.5%
    • head diameter by 2.2-4.9 cm,
    • weight of 1000 seeds by 3-7.6 g.
    Acceleration of blossoming and maturing of seeds by 6–7 days.
    Control of dry rot (BE 62–71 %), watery soft rot (BE 14–100 %), grey mould rot (BE 26–100 %)     		200-500 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 10-50 L/tonne. 1 For achievement of maximum effect of sunflower seed treatment, the seeds should be treated with the working solution of Albit with hand-held syringe. Distribute the seeds over a polyethylene film or on an asphalted ground (previously moistened with water), then carefully moisten them with the working solution (in this case use the increased rate of working solution 50 L/t). Leave the treated seeds on the ground in a shadow place, in a layer less then 20 cm, and keep 2-3 days before sowing.
    40 ml/hectare Foliar spraying at the stages of 4-7 leaves and beginning of blossoming, 50-100 L/hectare. 1-2
    Maize Maize Increase of:
    • green biomass yield by 13.4–110 centners/hectare,
    • corn yield by 1.19–6.4 %,
    • ear weight by 3.2–6.2 %,
    • drought resistance.
    Control of helmintosporiosis (BE 42-45 %) and blister smut (BE 39–77 %).     		100 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 10 L/tonne. 1 To control diseases, 1 foliar spray (at the stage of 3-6 leaves) is quite effective. To achieve maximal yield increase, 2 treatments are recommended.
    40 ml/hectare Foliar spraying at the stages of 3-6 leaves and beginning of blossoming, 300 L/hectare. 1-2
    Sorghum Sorghum Increase of:
    • yield by 19-27,8 %,
    • weight of 1 head,
    • weight of 1000 seeds
    Safening effect in combination with herbicides.    		 80 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 10 L/tonne. 1  
    80 ml/hectare Foliar spraying at the stages of 3-5 leaves, 300 L/hectare. 1
    Potatoes Potatoes Increase of:
    • yield by 13–100 centners/hectare,
    • germination by 3-5 %.

    Acceleration of coming-up from several days to one week, acceleration of maturing, improvement of quality and marketability averagely by 6.9 %.

    Control of black scurf (BE 50–68 %), early blight (BE 31–59 %), common scab (BE 30–69 %) and late blight (BE 50–68 %).     		100 ml/tonne (5-10 ml/l of solution) Pre-planting tuber treatment,15 L/tonne. 1

    Joint use of Albit with insecticides is effective against Colorado beetle.

    For immunization against viral diseases (leaf roll, different leaf spots), increase application rate from 40 to 60 ml/hectare
    40-60 hectare (1-1,5 ml/10 L of solution). Foliar sprays at the stages of budding (leaf closure in rows) and 15-20 days later, 400 L/hectare. 2-3
    Buckwheat Buckwheat Increase of:
    • yield by 2.6–4.1 centners/hectare,
    • germination by 4–7 %,
    • development of roots by 3–12 %,
    • weight of 1000 seeds by 1–4 %,
    • weight of seeds from one plant averagely by 33.8 %,
    • drought resistance (yield increase up to 50 % in extremely dry conditions)
    		 50 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 15 L/tonne. 1 Use of Albit is especially effective in dry years.
    Millet Millet Increase of:
    • grain yield by 1.4–6.2 centners/hectare,
    • straw yield by 7–20 %,
    • panicle length (approx. 1.5 fold),
    • number of seeds from one plant by 9-17,
    • weight of 1000 seeds by 0.21–0.59 g,
    • weight of seeds from one plant by 0.15–0.40 g,
    • drought resistance.
    Control of common smut (BE 2–50 %, in combination with half dose of chemical seed treatment agents BE 100 %)     		50 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 20 L/tonne 1 Combination of Albit with halved application rates of chemical fungicides is able to completely neutralize the smut development.
    40 ml/hectare Foliar spray at the tillering stage, 200-300 L/hectare. 1
    Rice Rice Increase of:
    • yield by 4.3–11.2 centners/hectare,
    • germination by 5-8 %,
    • germination power by 7-9 %,
    • tillering coefficient by 0.7,
    • length of roots by 3.9 cm,
    • stem density by 5.1–8.2 %,
    • panicle length by 1.02–1.1 cm,
    • weight of 1000 seeds by 0.4–1.46 γ,
    • average number of seeds in one panicle by 4.3,
    • weight of seeds from main panicle by 0.16–0.62 g.
    Control of root (anaerobic) rots (BE 69-77 %).     		50 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 10 L/tonne. 1  
    Long-fibred flax Flax Increase of:
    • flax straw yield by 0.8–13 centners/hectare,
    • yield of seeds by 0.4–1.4 centners/hectare,
    • germination by 3–7 %,
    • germination power by 3–6 %,
    • flax fibre quality (average number of long fibre by 0.5–1.3 %, percentage-number of flax fibre by 26.1–55 %),
    • stem density by 19.7–37 %.
    Control of anthracnose(BE 40–90 %), bacteriosis (BE 77–91 %), ozoniosis (BE 78–90 %), pasmo disease (BE 70–90 %)     		50-70 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 5 L/tonne. 1

    As an adjuvant, Na-carboxy-methyl-cellulose is recommended (0.2 kg/tonne of seeds).

    One can use Albit in vegetation stage for herbicide stress neutralization: simultaneously with herbicides or few days later (to recover plant growth after herbicide overdose).
    50 ml/hectare Foliar spay at the stage of ‘fire-tree’. 200 L/hectare. 1
    Legume groats (peas , chick-pea, soybean, French bean, lentil, beans) Legume Increase of:
    • yield of beans by 0.9–7.5 centners/hectare),
    • green biomass by 3–15 %,
    • stem length by 3–36 %,
    • root development by 11–41 %
    • number of productive nodes by 13.7–16.8 %,
    • number of pods per one plant by 12.3–30.9 %,
    • number of beans per plant by 11.1–28.9 %,
    • weight of beans from one plant by 32.7–36.6 %.
    Decrease of radionuclide accumulation by 3.5–24 %, Control of root rots (BE 17–73 %), Fusarium wilt (BE 27–80 %), Septoria pod and leaf spots (BE 48–58 %), Ascochita pod and leaf spots (BE 47–60 %).     		50 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 10-15 L/tonnene. 1 To control root rots, pre-sowing treatment is sufficient. For maximum yield use foliar spray

    In general case, the single pre-sowing treatment, 50 μλ/tonnene is sufficient. For French bean, the dose can be increased up to 75 ml/tonnene.
    30-40 ml/hectare Foliar spray at the stage of budding, 300-400 L/hectare. 1
    Fodder grasses (galega, clover, vetch, alfalfa, sweet clover, lupine, amaranth, mustard, etc.) Fodder grasses Increase of:
    • yield of the green biomass by 4.9–91 centners/hectare,
    • yield of seeds by 0.39–1 centners/hectare,
    • germination by 4–13 %,
    • drought and winterkill resistance,
    • regrowth after skewing by 14.1–34 %,
    • height and density of the grass by 10 %.
    Control of root rots (BE 95–100 %).     		50-70 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 15 L/tonne. 1 One can make an additional foliar spray for the forage herbs after skewing(for fastest regrowth).
    40 ml/hectare Foliar spray at the stage of budding, 300 L/hectare. 1-2
    Spring and winter Canola Canola Increase of:
    • yield by 1.7-10.9 centners/hectare,
    • oil content by 0.3-1.3 %,
    • oil output by 82.7-297 L/hectare,
    • weight of 1000 seeds by 0.08-45.3 g,
    • number of beans from one plant by 6.8-41.8,
    • weight of seeds from one plant by 0.68-3.8 g,
    • stem length by 2.5-4.3 cm,
    Control of Fusarium wilt (BE 48 %), Alternaria leaf spot (BE 21-79 %), white blight (BE 31-75 %), damping-off (BE 50-67 %). Antidote effect against chemical pesticides.     		50 ml/tonne Presowing seed treatment, 10 L/tonne. 1 In case of Canola, Albit is used only as an antidote additive to insecticides, herbicides (at foliar spraying) and chemical fungicidal seed treatment agents.
    50-70 ml/hectare Foliar spray, 500-700 L/hectare. 1
    Vegetables (tomatoes, cucumber, squash, lettuce, peppers, eggplants carrots, table beet) Vegetables Increase of:
    • total and early yields by 11-23 %, germination by 2–12 %,
    • resistance to diseases, drought and other adverse environmental factors,
    • number of seed buds per plant by 1–3.
    Acceleration of blossoming and maturing by 4–5 days. More simultaneous and fast ripening of vegetables, improvement of their quality and marketability, increase of vitamin content (β-carotin, ascorbic acid, etc.) by 11–25 %, decrease of nitrate and nitrosamine content by 16–26%     		2 ml/kg (2 ml/L of water) Presowing soaking of seeds in Albit soilution conc. 2 mL/L for 3-10 hrs. Solution consumption 1 L/kg seeds. 1 Use Albit solution instead of water for pre-sowing soaking of seeds.

    Treatment of vegetables may be combined with watering. Use Albit working solution (conc. 1 mL/10 L) instead of water, provided that the solution gets onto the plant leaves. One can use foliar spray more than 2 times per vegetation for improvement of the effect.
    30 ml/hectare (1 ml/10 L of water) Foliar sprays at the stage of 2-3 real leaves and 15 days after. 400 L/hectare. 2
    Onion Onion Increase of:
    • green biomass yield by 9–29.6 %,
    • leaf length by 12.6-21 %,
    • marketability by 7.4–10.7 %,
    • chlorophyll content by 6.2–40.8 %)
    • ascorbic acid content.
    Decrease of the nitrate content by 74–77 %     		5 ml/kg (5 ml/L of water) Preplanting soaking of onions for 1 hour. Working solution consumption 1 L/kg. 1 Albit is tested when growing of onion as vegetable (in greenhouse).
    White and Chinese cabbage White and Chinese cabbage Increase of:
    • yield by 37.1–83.3 centners/hectare,
    • average weight of cabbage head by 0.2–8.3 %,
    • quality and marketability
    • germination and germination power by 3–7 %,
    • quality of seedlings (increase of the seedlings weight averagely by 11.5 %, seedlings height by 21.5 %).
    Control of damping-off (BE 20–40 %) and bacterial black rot (BE 34–100 %)     		1 ml/kg (1 ml/L of water) Presowing seed soaking in Albit solution (1 ml/L) for 3-10 hours. Working solution consumption 1 L/kg of seeds. 1 Foliar spray is not recommended at the cold weather ( it might cause boltering).
    50 ml/hectare (1 ml/10 L of water) Foliar sprays at the stage of 3-5 real leaves, then 2-nd and 3-rd treatment with an interval of 2 weeks. 400 L/hectare. 3
    Vine Vine Increase of:
    • yield by 4–24 %,
    • number of ripened grapes 3.7–13.6 %,
    • annual increment of shoots by 28–64 %,
    • single shoot increment by 28–56 %
    • ripe shoot increment by 59–64 %,
    • weight and plumpness of a bunch by 21–24 %.
    Control of downy (BE 17–100 %) and powdery mildew (BE 26–100 %)     		250 ml/hectare (2,5 ml/10 L of water) Foliar sprays before blossoming, after blossoming, at the beginning of berry growth, at the stage of closure of berries in bunch, at the stage of grape coloration. 1000 L/ha. 3-5 Joint use of Albit with halved application rates of the chemical fungicides is most effective for relieve of the pesticide stress, reduction of the treatment cost and for obtaining of the ecologically clean production.
    Apple, cherry, pear and the other horticultural trees. Apple Increase of:
    • yield by 5.7–10.4 %,
    • annual increment of shoots by 12.6–25.6 %,
    • photosynthetic activity of the leaves by 6.9–18.6 %,
    • assimilation leaf surface by 73–76 %,
    • average weight of fruits,
    • resistance to adverse environmental factors.
    Control of scab (BE 51–60 %) and Phyllosticta leaf spot.     		100 ml/hectare (or 1 ml/10 L of water, 0.5 mL/tree) Foliar sprays beginning at the stage of budding; prophylactic foliar sprays for immunization of plants before revealing of symptoms of disease. Working solution consumption 1000 L/hectare or 2-5 L per tree. 2-5 Use of Albit with reduced application rates of the chemical fungicides is most effective for reduction of the treatment cost and for obtaining of the organic production.
    Currants, gooseberries, dog rose and the other berry-bushes Currants, gooseberries Increase of:
    • yield by 4.2–21.8 centners/hectare,
    • number of flowers on one bush by9-10%,
    • setting of the berries by 9–13 %,
    • berry size by 10–20 %,
    • vitamin C content by 5.8–13.8 %,
    • chlorophyll content in leaves by 6.2–11.8 %,
    • annual increment of shoots by 10–30 %,
    • resistance to adverse environmental factors (air and soil pollution, temperature jumps).
    Faster and more concurrent fruit ripening, improved marketability, improved physiological state of leaves, decrease of rotten berries amount.
    Control of mildew(BE 58–89 %)    		 50 ml/hectare Foliar sprays beginning at the stage of breaking of buds and budding, then with interval of 25-30 days, 500-600 L/hectare. 2-3 For private plots of land (where calculations for hectare is quite difficult) it is recommended to use for watering the Albit solution, 1 ml/10 L of water provided that the solution gets onto the plant leaves.
    Strawberries Strawberries Increase of:
    • yield by 9.3–20 centners/hectare,
    • average number of berries from one plant by 0.4–2,
    • average weight of berry by 1.3 g,
    • leaf photosynthetic activity by 0.04 units (Fv/Fm),
    • resistance to stress factors
    Control of and grey mould. (BE 42–59 %) and Marssonina leaf scorch (BE 34 %).     		40 ml/hectare (1 ml/10 L of water) Foliar sprays beginning with appearance of young leaves, with an interval of 7-10 days. 400 L/ha. 3 Strawberry plantations might be watered with Albit solution, 1 ml/10 L, provided that the solution gets onto the plant leaves.
    Decorative bushes (dog rose, lilac, jasmine, dogwood, etc.), forest cultures Decorative bushes Increase of:
    • shoot regrowth,
    • annual increment of shoots averagely by 18.2 %,
    • chlorophyll content by 6.2-11.8 %,
    • leaf assimilation surface by 15-76%, improvement of physiological state of leaves,
    • number of flowers per one bush by 9-10 %,
    • resistance to adverse environmental factors (air and soil pollution, temperature jumps).
    Earlier blossoming (by 3-10 days), Control of moulds, mildews, scabs and other diseases.     		200 ml/hectare (or 2 ml/10 L of water, 1 ml/bush or tree) Foliar sprays begin at the stage of breaking of buds and budding, (for ananthous plants – in the first half of vegetation), then with interval of 15 days, 1000 L/hectare or 5 L/bush (tree). 2-4  
    Cuttings of berry and decorative bushes, forest crops Cuttings of berry Increase of:
    • rootage and establishment of cuttings by 40-90 %,
    • nitial growth of cuttings,
    • chlorophyll content averagely 7.4 %.
    		 1 ml/L of water Treatment of cuttings with Albit solution for 5 hours. Solution consumption: 1 L/50-250 cuttings. 1  
    Flowers (roses, gladiolus, pinks, cyclamens, Kafir lily, amaryllis, violet, primula, etc.) Flowers Earlier blossoming (by 3–15 days). Increase of blossoming duration by 4-35 days (up to 1.5-2.5 times), improvement of decorative appearance, increase of number of flowers per plant, increase of extra and 1-st class flower production, more bright and saturated color of flowers control of diseases. 60-70 ml/hectare (1 ml/10 L of water) Foliar sprays with Albit solution conc. 1 mL/10 L at the stage of budding and 2 weeks after. 600-1000 L/hectare. 2-5 Watering might be done with Albit solution, 1 ml/10 L, provided that the solution gets onto the plant leaves.
    Lawn grass (fescue, bent, meadow grass, etc.) Lawn grass Increase of:
    • tillering and regrowth after winter by 6.3–56.3 %,
    • growth processes by 33.6–68 %,
    • green biomass production by 7.6–17 %,
    • chlorophyll content by 8.6–9.7 %,
    • turgor, shoot density, regrowth speed and grass height.
    Even growth of different grass species. Decreased winter mortality.    		 60ml/hectare (1 ml/10 L of water) Foliar spaying in the 1-st part of vegetation (in the spring), and one week after, 600-1000 L/hectare. 2-5 Albit is recommended for stimulation of growth and tillering in the critical periods (after winter, skewing, application of fertilizers, at the time of drought) Spraying in the time of normal growth is undesirable, because it can lead to surplus regrowth of grass.

    For bioremediation of oil-polluted soils, Albit is recommended to use simultaneously with sowing of oil-tolerant grass (Gramineous and legume). There are two recommended ways of using of Albit. First, it is presowing soaking of seeds in Albit solution, conc. 0.2 ml/L for 30 minutes (after sowing, the remaining solution can be used for watering). And second, treatment of soil with Albit solution, conc. 1.5-3 L/hectare simultaneously with sowing. In this case, the stronger pollution, the more concentrated Albit solution. Albit is applied in form of working solution, consumption 100-300 L/hectare.

     

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